sense relations between sentences

1)X is synonymous with y 同义句关系

2）x is inconsistent with y 对立句关系

3）x entails y 蕴涵句关系

4）x presupposes y 预设句关系

5）x is a contradition 矛盾关系

6 ) x is semantically anomalous 语义上的不规则关系

1 同义关系

a .he was a bachelor all his life

b.he never got married all his life.

if x is true,y is true , x is false,then y is false.

2. x is inconsistent with y矛盾关系

a . he is a single.

b. he has married.

if x is true, y is  false, if x is false, then y is true.

3.x entails y 蕴涵关系

a. john married a blond heiress.

b. john married a blond.

if x entails y, then the meaning of x is included in y. if x is true,y is neccessarily true, if x is false,y maybe ture or false.

x presupposes y 预设关系

a. hie bike needs repairing.

b. he has a bike.

if x is ture, y must be true, if  x is false, y is still true.

x is a contradition 矛盾关系

a.the orphan 's parents are pretty well off.

x is semantically anomalous 语义上的不规则

a. the man is pregnant.

  analysis of meaning 意义分析

1.componential analysis 成分分析 lexical meaning

man[ +HUMAN,+ ADULT,+ANIMATE,+ MALE]

2.predication annalysis 述谓分析

1)abide by grammar and semantic and practical meaning and rules.

2)-----a way to analyze sentence meaning (Leech)

predication---consist of argument and predicate

argument论元---a logical participant. can be subject or an object

predicate谓语---states the logiacl relation linking the arguments in the sentence.

根据不同述谓结构中所包含的论元不一样，分为一下几类：

1 One-place predication（单位述谓结构）smoke， grow， rise ，run   不及物动词

2Two-place predicate（双位述谓结构）I like music I和music都是argument，like，love，save，bite，beat 及物动词

3 Three-place prdication（三位述谓结构）give， sent， promise，call。带双宾语的动词

4 No-place predication（缺位述谓结构）It is hot。

例子

1.Tom smokes.--TOM(SMOKE)

2.The tree grows well.--TREE(GROW)

3.The kids like apples.--KIDS(LIKE)APPLE

4.I sent him a letter.--I(SEND)HIM LETTER