Language and Society
1. What is sociolinguistics?
Sociolingistics is a sub-field of lingistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of languge and the social structures in which the users of language live
2. The relations between languge and society.
1. to establish and maintain social relations 建立和维持社会关系的一种方式。eg greeting
2. determined by the user's social background.我们使用的语言在一定程度上是由我们的社会背景所决定的。eg。 social class，age， sex，education level，etc
3. language, and the structure of its lexion, reflects both the physical and social environments of a society。
4. closely related to the structure of the society in which it is used, the evaluation.评价语言的好不好是从社会的角度而不是从语言学本身来讲的。
3. Speech comunity and speech variety.
1.speech community refers to the social group that is signed out for specaial sociolinguistic study 言语社区，将一个社会群体拿出来做社会语言学研究。
2.speech variety refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or a group of speakers 语言变体。
4. Two approaches to sociolinguistics.
1.macro sociolinguistics,bird's eye view宏观社会语言学
2.micro sociolinguistics,worm's eye view微观社会语言学
5. Variety of language.
1.dialectal varieties:方言变体
a. regional dailect: a linguistic variety used by people in the same geographical region同一地域的方言，地域方言
b. sociolect: a linguistic variety characteristic of a particular social class.与社会阶层有关的语言，社会方言，口音也是判断社会语言变体的重要方式。Received Pronunciation。 Intonation lexicon 。语言还会受到性别的影响。女性语调变化比较多。女人称自己的时候是girl ，男人成为lady。
c. idiolect: personl dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding reional,social,gender and age variations.个人方言，个人语言特点
d. ethnic dialect: a social dialect of alanguage that cuts across regional differences民族方言
2.register: in a restricted sense, refers to the variety of language related to one's occupation; in a broder sense, according to Halliday, "language varies as its function varies: it differs in different situations." the type of which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a register. 语域，狭义上来讲和职业有关。从广义上来讲，只要功能变化了，语言就有变体。同一个人在不同时间地点场合说话的方式都不一样。这就是语域。
1.three social variables
a. field of discourse: it's cocerned with the purpose and subject of communication根据说话的主题、原因和场合，措辞也不一样。话语范围，决定了我们的发音，词汇选择。
b. tenor of discourse: the role of relationship in the situation in question语调。话语基调。根据听众选择说话方式。
c. mode of discorse: the means of communication.。话语方式。书面、口语、在线等方式交流的选择。
2.degree of formality--five stages of formality(Martin Joos)语言的正式性。
a. intimate：Up you go,chaps!
b. casual:Time you all went upstairs now.
c. consultative Would you mind going upstairs right away, please?
d. formal : visitors should go up the stairs at once.
f. frozen:Vistiors would make their way at once to the upper floor by way of the staircase.
3.standard dialect
1.the standard variety; a superimposed, socially prestigious dialect of a language employed by the government an dthe judiciary system,used by the mass media, and tought in educational settings.标准语言，标准变体，标准方言。是强制性的，英国的BBC的英语就是标准的语言。美国纽约或者华盛顿的英语一般来讲就是标准的美语。广播用语，电视台用语，学校教的。但并不是我们从小要学的地域方言。
2.pidgin and creolo
a. a pidgin is a special language that mixes or blends language and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.洋泾浜，把两种或者几种语言混在一起来用。尤其是移民国家比较多的情况下。
b. when a pidgin has because the primary language of a speech community, and is acquired by th echildren of that speech communities as their native language, it is said to be a creole。在很多时候其实是一种错误的语言，如果把它变成一种基本语言。叫混合语。
3.bilingualism and diglossia
a.in some speech communities, two languages are used side by side with each having adifferent role to play; and language switching occurs when the situatio changes. This constitutes the situation of bilingualism两种语言会交替使用。双语。
b.according to Ferguson（1959）,diglossia refers to a sociolinguistic stituation similar to biingualism. 同一个地区同一种语言的变体。如粤语和普通话都是汉语的两个变体。在广东很多电视台是同时使用粤语和普通话来广播的。但是不会交替使用。
